characteristics such as its creator and the date of its creation. 83 Metadata may be created (i) external to the resource it describes or may be (ii) embedded in the resource itself. Metadata can be created external to the resource it describes by recording certain characteristics separately from the piece of digital information created. A common method of creating metadata is by manually completing a form, either in writing or electronically, using pre-defined categories and vocabularies. Dublin Core Metadata Standards In the human rights field, the use of the “Dublin Core Metadata Standards” is commonly used and recommended. According to these standards, producers or subsequent receivers of digital information should record the following data about the digital information: • Creator: full, family, given and nicknames of any person, organization or service primarily responsible for making the content. • Contributor: full, family, given and nicknames of any person, organization or service making a contribution to a resource. • Publisher: full, family, given and nicknames of any person, organization or service responsible for making the resource available. • Title: name or names by which a resource will be recognized. • Date: description of dates in the lifecycle of the piece of digital information, such as Created, Available, Modified, Submitted and/or Accepted, as applicable. Use the following format for recording dates: YYYY/MM/DD. • Language: any language of intellectual content of resource such as written or spoken words. • Type: refers to a description of the nature of the resource (such as whether it is a still image or a motion picture). • Format: refers to the file format or the data storage medium of a resource, relevant in order to determine the equipment needed to display or operate the resource. • Extent: refers to the size or duration of the original resources. • Medium: refers to the specifications of the medium used to create the resources. • Subject: refers to the topic of a resource by means of key words; 83 Dublin Core metadata initiative, User Guide/Creating Metadata, (Jan. 6, 2012), available at http://wiki.dublincore.org/index.php/User_Guide/Creating_Metadata#Language. 69