1 Rep. of the Independent Int’l Comm’n of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Repub.to the Human Rights Council, 23rd Sess. Summary, UN Doc. A/HRC/23/58 (4 June 2013), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-23-58_en.pdf [hereinafter OHCHR Manual]. 2 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AND COUCNIL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH IN AFRICA, UKWELI: MONITORING AND DOCUMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA 8 (2000) [hereinafter “UKWELI”]. 3 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 10. 4 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at viii. 5 In June 2012, UN Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Hervé Ladsous stated that the situation in Syria could be called a civil war. In June 2012, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria stated that the violence in some areas "bears the characteristics of a non-international armed conflict.” Syria: Applicable International Law, RULE OF LAW IN ARMED CONFLICTS PROJECT (last updated July 13, 2012), http://www.genevaacademy.ch/RULAC/applicable_international_law.php?id_state=211). 6 ADVOCATES FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, A PRACTITIONER’S GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING, DOCUMENTATION, AND ADVOCACY 15 (2011), available at http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/a_practitioner_s_guide_to_human_rights_monitoring_documentation_and_advocacy [hereinafter “Practitioner’s Guide”]. 7 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 111. 8 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 90. 9 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 110. 10 Practitioner’s Guide, supra note 6, at 15. 11 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 88. 13 Practitioner’s Manual, supra note 6, at 15. OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 91. 15 Practitioner’s Guide, supra note 6, at 15. 16 KATE THOMPSON & CAMILLE GIFFARD, HUMAN RIGHTS CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX, REPORTING KILLINGS AS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, 86 (2002)[hereinafter University of Essex Handbook]. 17 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 103. 18 STEPHEN WILKINSON, STANDARDS OF PROOF IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS FACT-FINDING MISSIONS 23 (2012), available at http://www.genevaacademy.ch/docs/reports/Standards%20of%20proo%20report.pdf [hereinafter “Wilkinson, Standards of Proof”]. 19 This standard of proof is also often expressed as “it is reasonable to conclude that (X).” Wilkinson, Standards of Proof, supra note 18, at 10. 20 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court art.66(3), July 1, 2002, U.N. Doc.A/Conf. 183/9, 2187 U.N.T.S. 90 [hereinafter Rome Statute], available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/romefra.htm. 21 University of Essex Handbook, supra note 16, at 49. 22 UKWELI, supra note 2, at 67. 14 36