By July of 1994, up to 1,000,000 Rwandans — mostly Tutsis — had been executed. In 1995 the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established to prosecute those responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international law. RTLM’s executives and journalists were among the many individuals investigated and prosecuted for their role in the crimes. FILMING Clearly, the audiotapes did not capture evidence of the actual killings, otherwise known as “crimebased evidence”. Instead the audiotapes pointed to “Who” should be held accountable for the crime of genocide, and “How” they participated in the crime — incitement in this case — so the lawyers could prove responsibility. The outcome: • Georges Ruggiu, RTLM Presenter, was prosecuted and plead guilty to the crime of genocide by incitement. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison. • Ferdinand Nahimana and Jean-Bosco Barayagqwiza, co-founders of RTLM, were prosecuted and convicted for the crime of genocide by incitment. Nahimana received a 30-year sentence and Barayagqwiza received 35 years. TAKE HOME POINTS First, there are six general ways in which a person can commit a crime — incitement is only one of them. While footage showing the commission of crime itself is certainly valuable, you also need to prove the “How”. Don’t forget about this. Second, prosecutors in this example used audio — not video. Below are some ideas on how you could use video to show how someone committed a crime by incitement. Video clips of perpetrators calling upon others around them to take violent and illegal actions in settings such as: • public speeches • broadcast interviews • sermons to congregations • billboards • signs carried by protestors at rallies • protestors chants at rallies CONSIDER YOUR SITUATION Review the list above of “How” an individual can commit a crime and then write down various ways you think perpetrators are committing crimes in your situation. Then, write down how you could use videos to show the “How”. 118 VIDEO AS EVIDENCE: PROVING RESPONSIBILITY V 1.0