PART III Here’s what we know so far: • Crime-based video evidence shows “What” happened. Linkage and notice evidence helps us prove responsibility for the crime by identifying “Who” committed the crime and “How” they did it. • Collecting information about who committed the crime and how they did it is often trickier than collecting evidence of a crime itself. This is because not all perpetrators are at the scene of the crime. In turn, we need to think creatively about how and when to use video to collect linkage evidence so we can link remote perpetrators to the crimes on the ground. • Additionally, to prove command and superior responsibility we also have to capture notice evidence to show that a remote perpetrator knew, or was put on notice, that persons under their control committed crimes. As noted at the start of this section, citizen witnesses and human rights activists are uniquely placed to gather crime, linkage and notice evidence. Here are some ideas on how you can use video to do so. EXAMPLES OF VIDEO THAT COULD SERVE AS EVIDENCE CRIME-BASED EVIDENCE • Torture in progress • Unarmed persons being repeatedly beaten by national police • Unarmed persons being shot by military forces • Injuries suffered after the use of excessive force • Mass graves • Damage to civilian property, such as schools and hospitals • Damage to cultural objects • Children bearing arms or participating in military activities • Billboards with hate speech • Impact zone of a suspected weapons attack • Unhealthy labor conditions • Children working in factories • Inadequate detention conditions • Pillaging of humanitarian aid in progress or the aftermath • Environmental degradation, such as a visually contaminated water source • Etc. LINKAGE EVIDENCE • Police formations at a protest • Uniforms and badge numbers • Passports or other official documents of identification • License plates of official vehicles • Military equipment, such as small arms, large arms, protective gears, missile heads, tanks, planes, etc. • Serial numbers on military equipment • Speeches by leaders and those that they have authority over • Checkpoints • Troop movements • Buildings where perpetrators based their operations out of • Communications equipment, such as satellites dishes, radios, etc. • Video of documents that can’t be taken because of security risks so the contents are filmed or photographed instead • Video-taped interviews with perpetrators, prisoners or defectors • Etc. NOTICE EVIDENCE • The crimes or the aftermath of the crimes broadcast on television • Public speeches by UN or national officials presenting video clips of the crimes and calling for crimes to stop • Public speeches by remote perpetrators acknowledging crimes on the ground • Perpetrators in the field with their troops • Perpetrators using communications technologies • Interviews with perpetrators acknowledging the commission of crimes • Interviews with prisoners and defectors acknowledging communications with remote commanders and leaders • Video reports produced and distributed by NGOs that document crimes • Etc. 131 VIDEO AS EVIDENCE: PROVING RESPONSIBILITY V 1.0 FILMING HOW CAN VIDEO LINK A PERPETRATOR TO A CRIME?