individual perpetrators of human rights violations. Security risks may include (attempted) murder, rape, beatings, police brutality or harassment, arbitrary detention, bombings, intimidation, arson, etc.225 However, consider also that statistically speaking road traffic accidents and unexploded mines remain the greatest security risk for most field missions. 226 Most CSOs operating in dangerous areas have security procedures in place that are developed by security professionals.227 Make yourself familiar with these procedures and observe them closely. When possible, also study any contingency plan in detail. In crowded situations, such as demonstrations, consider the following security measures: • Adopt a heightened sense of personal security and situational awareness. • Keep a low profile and make sure to dress appropriately. • Think through where and how to leave/reach your mode of transport in order to avoid being trapped by the crowd and to allow for a quick and safe if necessary. Park your vehicle away from the city center, for instance. • Be aware of alternative routes out of the area and if possible, locate multiple exit routes. • Know that vulnerability increases when travelling in zones with poor communication networks or where conflict and violence is ongoing. Several preventive measures can be taken in order to reduce or mitigate security risks: • Regularly conduct risk assessments. 225 Amnesty International and CODESRIA, Ukweli. Monitoring and Documenting Human Rights Violations in Africa: A Handbook, 58 (2000), available at https://www.amnesty.nl/sites/default/files/public/ukw_eng.pdf. 226 David Lloyd Roberts, Staying Alive: Safety and Security Guidelines for Humanitarian Volunteers in Conflict Zones, INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS COMMITTEE, 41 (2005), available at https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/publication/p0717.htm. 227 Marit Maehlum, Human Rights Monitoring, in MANUAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING. AN INTRODUCTION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS FIELD OFFICERS 1, 26 (Kristin Hogdahl, Ingrid Kvammen Ekkerr and Lalaine Sadiwa, eds., 2002); International Bar Association & Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Guidelines on International Human Rights Fact-Finding Visits and Reports, paragraph 33 (2009), available at http://www.factfindingguidelines.org/guidelines.html.. 135