2. MONITORING AND DOCUMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS In this example, three separate events can be identified and recorded: the raid on the ABC trade union headquarters including the arrest of its President, the arrest of the DEF federation Secretary-General, and the raid on the XYZ trade union office. In addition, one can record a further event, that of the labour crackdown in general, and name it, for instance, The Labour Crackdown of May 1998. This event encompasses the other three events. This example can be viewed in graphical terms as follows: Event 1 Title: Labour Crackdown of May 1998 Acts: None Type of chain: Large event encompassing a smaller event Event 2 Title: ABC raid Acts: Act 1 Type of act: Raid Victim: ABC trade union Type of chain: Large event encompassing a smaller event Event 3 Title: DEF Secretary-General Arrest Acts: Act 2 Type of act: Arrest Victim: ABC trade union President Act 1 Type of act: Arrest Victim: DEF Secretary-General Type of chain: Large event encompassing a smaller event Event 4 Title: XYZ raid Acts: Act 1 Type of act: Raid Victim: XYZ trade union Act 2 Type of act: Confiscation of property Victim: XYZ trade union Figure 2.4 Graphical presentation of a large event encompassing a smaller event  Event preceding a related event The following example illustrates this kind of chain: On 1 May, a violent clash between police and student demonstrators erupted during a demonstration. A student leader was arrested. A second student was beaten. After four days, the headquarters of RISE, a student federation, was raided, and its President was arrested. A large volume of documents was confiscated. The police claimed that the raid was done because the students had planned the demonstration that occurred four days earlier and had intended to use it to stir up trouble. 16