The OPERA Framework 53 Fukuda-Parr, S., Lawson-Remer, T. & Randolph, S. (2008), ‘Measuring the Progressive Realization of Human Rights Obligations: An Index of Economic and Social Rights Fulfillment’, Economic Rights Working Paper Series, Working Paper 8, The Human Rights Institute of the University of Connecticut, at p.4. 54 Riedel, E., Arend, J. & Suárez Franco, A (2010), ‘Indicators – Benchmarks – Scoping – Assessment’, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Background Paper, available at: http://www.fes-globalization.org/geneva/documents/ HumanRights/6July10_BackgroundPaper_IBSA.pdf. 55 See Fukuda-Parr et al., supra note 53. 56 UNDP (1990), Human Development Report 1990: concept and measurement of human development, at p.9, available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1990/. 57 See, Social Watch Website, ‘The Basic Capabilities Index: It’s not about money’, at: http://www.socialwatch. org/node/13752. 58 See Corruption Perception Index: Transparency International website, at: http://cpi.transparency.org/ cpi2011/ 59 Namely the right to food, education, health, adequate housing, and decent work. Fukuda-Parr, LawsonRemer & Randolph (2010), ‘Economic and Social Rights Fulfillment Index:  Country Scores and Rankings’, working paper, available at: http://www.serfindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Research-SERFCountry-Rankings-2010.pdf.    60 Centre for the Study of Adolescence & Population Action International (2009), A Measure of Commitment: women’s sexual and reproductive risk index for sub-Saharan Africa, at p.v, available at: http://www.kmafrica. com/files/Measure_Final.pdf. 61 Alston, P. & Quinn, G. (1987), ‘The Nature and Scope of States Parties’ Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, vol.9, no.2, pp.156-229, at p.177. 62 See e.g. Fundar, IBP & IHRIP (2004), Dignity Counts: A guide to using budget analysis to advance human rights, available at: http://internationalbudget.org/publications/dignity-counts-a-guide-to-using-budgetanalysis-to-advance-human-rights/; UN Women Website, ‘Gender Responsive Budgeting’, at: http://www. gender-budgets.org/; UNICEF Website, ‘Social and Economic Policy – social budgeting and public finance’, at: http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/index_43058.html. 63 Equal in Rights (2011), A Guide to Costing Human Rights; Equal in Rights (2011), Frontloading Human Rights: a conceptual framework for building budgets and realizing rights. See also Anderson, E. (2008), supra note 2; and Anderson, E. and Foresti, M (2009), ’Assessing Compliance: the Challenges for Economic and Social Rights’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, vol.1, no.3, pp.469-476. 64 See for example e.g. Housing & Land Rights Network, Counting Costs: a project of Habitat International Coalition’s Housing and Land Rights Network (proposing a methodology for quantifying the losses and costs associated with forced eviction), available at: http://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/Counting%20 Costs%20short.pdf. 65 For an overview, see Krafchik, W., ‘Background to Applied Budget Work’, available at: http://www. internationalbudget.org/themes/ESC/budgetintro.pdf; Robinson, M. (2006), ‘Budget Analysis and Policy Advocacy: the role of non-governmental public action’, Institute of Development Studies Working Paper. 66 CESCR, Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, statement adopted 4 May 2001, UN Doc. E/C.12/2001/10, at para.12. 67 36 For example, neoclassical economists focus on small, balanced budgets, whereas heterodox and Keynesian economists call for larger budgets and counter-cyclical government expenditures, especially in times of recession and crisis. Balakrishnan, R., Elson, D., & Patel, R. (2009), ‘Rethinking Macroeconomic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective’, available at: http://www.networkideas.org/featart/mar2009/MES2.pdf.