23 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, 12. OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, 15. 25 Practitioner’s Guide, supra note 6, at 15. 26 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 114. 27 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 105. 28 UKWELI, supra note 2, at 63. 29 UKWELI, supra note 2, at 68. 30 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 106. 31 OHCHR Manual, supra note 1, at 105. 32 See, e.g., International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 4, Dec. 16, 1966, S. Treaty Doc. No. 95-20, 6 I.L.M. 368 (1967), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]. Note, however, that any suspension of rights during that period may only be to the ”extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation” provided the relevant measure are ”not inconsistent with other obligations under international law” and do not involve discrimination. 33 ICCPR, supra note 32, at art. 4(2). 34 Note that Syria has not signed the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction, although it has ratified the 1925 Geneva Protocol. 35 Syria Unrest: Who are the Shabiha?, BBC NEWS (May 29, 2012 12:20PM), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14482968. 36 UK BORDER AGENCY, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 6 (2010), available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101208171359/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs10/syria-030910.doc. 37 Iran Security Forces Arrested Man Chargedof Spying for Israeli Regime, INSERBIA (Aug. 5, 2013), http://inserbia.info/news/2013/08/iran-security-forces-arrested-mancharged-of-spying-for-israeli-regime/. 38 Syria’s Armed Opposition: A Brief Overview, CARNEGIE MIDDLE EAST CENTER (Feb. 7, 2013), http://carnegie-mec.org/2013/02/07/syria-s-armed-opposition-briefoverview/fblr. 39 Sources: ICRC CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW DATABASE, available at http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule23 (last visited Oct. 8, 2013); OHCHR OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disappearances/disappearance_gc.pdf. 40 Common reservation made by Syria on all treaties, conventions, and protocols state the following: "...with the reservation that this accession in no way constitutes recognition of Israel nor the establishment of relations with Israel as regards the application of the provisions of the aforementioned Protocol/Convention." 41 The following treaties relating to international humanitarian law were not signed or ratified by Syria: → Victims of Armed Conflicts  Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977  Additional Protocol (II) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977  Additional Protocol (III) to the Geneva Conventions, 2005 24 37