2. MONITORING AND DOCUMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS ACT AGAINST VICTIM + INVOLVEMENT OF PERPETRATOR = WHO DID WHAT TO WHOM Just as there are different types of acts, there are different levels of involvement by perpetrators. Definition Involvement is the participation of a perpetrator in a particular act, whether as one who directly committed it, or otherwise. For instance, in the case of violent or coercive acts, involvement by perpetrators can be in terms of any of the following:       directly carried out the act gave orders that led to the act was a passive accomplice in the act is confirmed to be present in the execution of the act planned the act is suspected of involvement in the act 2.7 WHAT ACTIONS WERE TAKEN IN RESPONSE AND WHO DID WHAT? Information relevant to these questions will be concerned with the following concepts: [provision of] information, intervention, source and intervening party. Information and Intervention There are some processes or actions that are not necessarily intrinsic parts of an event, but are taken usually in response to it, and that are also deemed relevant in the “events” methodology. These are provision of information (or simply, information) and intervention. Definition Provision of information, or simply information, is the provision by a source, to the fact-finder, of data about an event, a victim, or a perpetrator. There can be conflicting information from various sources, and it is the task of the fact-finder to evaluate the information and assess its reliability. Definition An intervention is any action by a party designed to change the course of an event or the status of those involved in the event, especially in terms of assistance. It can be for instance, the examination of a victim to seek marks of torture, or the dissemination of a press release to denounce a massacre. 12